新TOEFL阅读真题详解:夏威夷植物的到来

　　When the Hawaiian islands emerged from the sea as volcanoes, starting about five million yearsago, they were far removed from other landmasses. Then, as blazing sunshine alternated withdrenching rains, the harsh, barren surfaces of the black rocks slowly began to soften. Windsbrought a variety of life-forms.

　　Spores light enough to float on the breezes were carried thousands of miles from more ancientlands and deposited at random across the bare mountain flanks. A few of these spores founda toehold on the dark, forbidding rocks and grew and began to work their transformationupon the land. Lichens were probably the first successful flora. These are not single individualplants; each one is a symbiotic combination of an alga and a fungus. The algae capture theSun's energy by photosynthesis and store it in organic molecules. The fungi absorbmoisture and mineral salts from the rocks, passing these on in waste products that nourishalgae. It is significant that the earliest living things that built communities on these islands areexamples of symbiosis, a phenomenon that depends upon the close cooperation of two ormore forms of life and a principle that is very important in island communities.

　　Lichens helped to speed the decomposition of the hard rock surfaces, preparing a soft bed ofsoil that was abundantly supplied with minerals that had been carried in the molten rock fromthe bowels of Earth. Now, other forms of life could take hold: ferns and mosses (two of themost ancient types of land plants) that flourish even in rock crevices. These plants propagateby producing spores-tiny fertilized cells that contain all the instructions for making a new plant-but the spores are unprotected by any outer coating and carry no supply of nutrient. Vastnumbers of them fall on the ground beneath the mother plants. Sometimes they are carriedfarther afield by water or by wind. But only those few spores that settle down in veryfavorable locations can start new life; the vast majority fall on barren ground. By force ofsheer numbers, however, the mosses and ferns reached Hawaii, survived, and multiplied. Somespecies developed great size, becoming tree ferns that even now grow in the Hawaiian forests.

　　Many millions of years after ferns evolved (but long before the Hawaiian Island were born fromthe sea), another kind of flora evolved on Earth: the seed-bearing plants. This was a wonderfulbiological invention. The seed has an outer coating that surrounds the genetic material of thenew plant, and inside this covering is a concentrated supply of nutrients. Thus, the seed'schances of survival are greatly enhanced over those of the naked spore. One type of seed-bearing plant, the angiosperm, includes all forms of blooming vegetation. In the angiospermthe seeds are wrapped in an additional layer of covering. Some of these coats are hard-likethe shell of a nut-for extra protection. Some are soft and tempting, like a peach or a cherry.In some angiosperm the seeds are equipped with gossamer wings, like the dandelion andmilkweed seeds. These new characteristics offered better ways for the seeds to move to newhabitats. They could travel through the air, float in water, and lie dormant for many months.

　　Plants with large, buoyant seeds-like coconuts-drift on ocean currents and are washed up onthe shores. Remarkably resistant to the vicissitudes of ocean travel, they can surviveprolonged immersion in saltwater. When they come to rest on warm beaches and theconditions are favorable, the seed coats softer. Nourished by their imported supply ofnutrients, the young plants push out their roots and establish their place in the sun.

　　By means of these seeds, plants spread more widely to new locations, even to isolated islandslike the Hawaiian archipelago, which lies more than 2,000 miles west of California and 3,500miles east of Japan. The seeds of grasses, flowers, and blooming trees made the long trips tothese islands. (Grasses are simple forms of angiosperms that bear their encapsulated seeds onlong stalks.) In a surprisingly short time, angiosperms filed many of the land areas on Hawaiithat had been bare.

　　Paragraph 2: Spores light enough to float on the breezes were carried thousands of miles frommore ancient lands and deposited at random across the bare mountain flanks. A few of thesespores found a toehold on the dark, forbidding rocks and grew and began to work theirtransformation upon the land. Lichens were probably the first successful flora. These are notsingle individual plants; each one is a symbiotic combination of an alga and a fungus. Thealgae capture the Sun's energy by photosynthesis and store it in organic molecules. Thefungi absorb moisture and mineral salts from the rocks, passing these on in waste productsthat nourish algae. It is significant that the earliest living things that built communities on theseislands are examples of symbiosis, a phenomenon that depends upon the close cooperationof two or more forms of life and a principle that is very important in island communities.

　　1. The phrase at random in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　○finally

　　○over a long period of time

　　○successfully

　　○without a definite pattern

　　2. It can be inferred from paragraph 2 that the fungi in lichens benefit from their symbioticrelationship with algae in what way?

　　○The algae help the fungi meet some of their energy needs.

　　○The algae protect the fungi from the Sun's radiation.

　　○The algae provide the fungi with greater space for absorbing water.

　　○The fungi produce less waste in the presence of algae.

　　3. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlightedsentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave outessential information.

　　○Some of the earliest important examples of symbiosis-the close cooperation of two or moreliving things-occur in island communities.

　　○Symbiosis-the close cooperation of pairs or small groups of living organisms-is especiallyimportant in these island environments.

　　○The first organisms on these islands worked together closely in a relationship known assymbiosis, which is particularly important on islands.

　　○It is significant to note that organisms in the beginning stages of the development of islandlife cannot survive without close cooperation.

　　Paragraph 3: Lichens helped to speed the decomposition of the hard rock surfaces, preparinga soft bed of soil that was abundantly supplied with minerals that had been carried in themolten rock from the bowels of Earth. Now, other forms of life could take hold: ferns andmosses (two of the most ancient types of land plants) that flourish even in rock crevices.These plants propagate by producing spores-tiny fertilized cells that contain all theinstructions for making a new plant-but the spores are unprotected by any outer coating andcarry no supply of nutrient. Vast numbers of them fall on the ground beneath the motherplants. Sometimes they are carried farther afield by water or by wind. But only those few sporesthat settle down in very favorable locations can start new life; the vast majority fall onbarren ground. By force of sheer numbers, however, the mosses and ferns reached Hawaii,survived, and multiplied. Some species developed great size, becoming tree ferns that evennow grow in the Hawaiian forests.

　　4. The word abundantly in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　○occasionally

　　○plentifully

　　○usefully

　　○fortunately

　　5. The word propagate in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　○multiply

　　○emerge

　　○live

　　○evolve

　　6. According to paragraph 3, what was the relationship between lichens and ferns in thedevelopment of plant life on Hawaii?

　　○Ferns were able to grow because lichens created suitable soil.

　　○The decomposition of ferns produced minerals that were used by lichens.

　　○Lichens and ferns competed to grow in the same rocky environments.

　　○Lichens and ferns were typically found together in volcanic areas.

　　参考答案：

　　1. ○4

　　2. ○1

　　3. ○3

　　4. ○2

　　5. ○1

　　6. ○1

　　参考译文

　　夏威夷植物的到来

　　大约五百万年以前，当夏威夷群岛作为火山在从海洋中出现的时候，他们与其他大陆相距甚远。然后，经过了炙热阳光和湿润雨水的交替作用之后，那荒芜的黑色的岩石表面开始渐渐的变软。最后，大风就携带来了各种各样的生命。

　　孢子很轻，可以被微风携带着从更古老的陆地飘过几千英里并随机的降落在荒芜的山腰上。一些孢子在漆黑坚硬的岩石中找到了立足点，并生长起来，开始了它们向整个陆地蔓延的工作。地衣可能就是**批成功安家的植物，它们不是单一的一种植物，每一个都是海藻和真菌的共生体。海藻通过光合作用获取太阳的能量，并将它储存在有机的分子中。真菌从岩石中吸收水分和矿物盐，并将这些作为代谢废物为海藻施肥。岛屿上的最早的生物群落以共生的方式存在是非常重要的。共生是一种依靠两种或两种以上的生物紧密合作而生存的现象，也是岛屿上生物群落非常重要的一项原则。

　　地衣有利于加速坚硬的岩石表面的分解，并产生了一层柔软的土壤，这些土壤可以提供熔融岩石含有的来自地球内部的丰富的矿物质。现在其他形式的生命就可以安家了：蕨类植物和苔藓(两种最古老的陆地植物品种)甚至可以在岩石缝隙里繁衍。这些植物通过产生孢子来繁殖，孢子是一些有营养的细胞，它们携带了所有的用于生长一株新的植物的遗传物质，但是它没有任何外部表皮的保护，也没携带供应营养的组织。大量的包子降落在母体植物下面的土地上，有时候它们被流水和风力带到了更远的地方。但是只有那些停驻在绝好的地方的孢子可以开始新的生命，绝大部分的孢子会落在不含矿物的岩层上。占着**数量上的优势，蕨类植物和地衣到达了夏威夷群岛存活下来，并繁衍开去。其中一些物种体型巨大，成为橛子树，它们甚至现在还生长在夏威夷的森林中。

　　在蕨类植物进化了好几百万年之后(不过，还是远在夏威夷群岛出现之前)另一种植物开始在地球上进化：种子植物。这是一次惊人的生物进化，种子有一层裹在遗传物质外面的表皮，在表皮里面是一种浓缩了的营养供给组织。因此，物种的成活率相对于那些裸露的孢子大大的提高了。其中一种种子植物——被子植物，包含了所有开花植物。在被子植物中，种子被另外的一层外皮包裹着。其中的一些表皮很坚硬—就像坚果的外壳—可以提供额外的保护。有一些则很软、诱人，比如桃子或樱桃。还有一些被子植物的种子携带有薄纱一样的翅膀，比如说蒲公英和马利筋的种子。这种特征为种子转移到新的栖息地提供了更好的途径，它们可以通过空气、流水传播并可以保存好几个月。

　　一些拥有硕大的、可以浮于水面的种子的植物，像椰子，随洋流飘荡，被冲上海岸。对洋流变动抵抗的耐久性使得他们可以在海水的长期浸泡中生存下来。当他们停歇在温暖的海滩上，一旦条件合适，种子的外皮就开始变软。由于受到内部携带的营养物质的滋养，幼小的植物伸长出他们的根部，并开始在阳光下成长。

　　借助这些种子，植物传播到更远的地方，甚至是像夏威夷群岛这样的孤立的群岛上。夏威夷群岛位于加利福利亚以西2000英里和日本以东3500英里。草，花和树木的种子经过长途跋涉到达那些岛屿上(草类是一类将其种子孕育在长长的秸秆中的被子植物)。在短得惊人的时间内，被子植物覆盖了夏威夷群岛上的很大的一部分荒芜地面。